（参见：Excommunication）; （参见：Heretical views）
"Heresy is primarily a Western religious concept; there is no exact Buddhist equivalent. The nearest approximation is drsti （Sanskrit）， literally a view， usually a 'wrong' view， that is due not to reason but to craving or desire. The most serious form of 'heresy' according to Buddhist tradition is to assert the reality and permanence of the individual human ego， i.e.， the assertion of atta or atman. Since the Western concept of heresy implies an orthodoxy capable of denouncing heresy and willing to do so， the approximation of Buddhist drsti to Western heresy here comes to an end， Buddhism having no authoritative hierarchy， and no sacramental sanctions. On the whole， the attitude of Buddhist schools seems to have been that more prolonged meditation will eventually cause 'heretics' to see the error involved in their view， and its abandonment."