one of ten 'fetters' that tie beings to the wheel of birth and death. They are: belief in a substantial self， skeptical doubt， clinging to rules and ritual， sensual craving， ill will， craving for fine-material existence， craving for immaterial existence， conceit （mana）， restlessness and ignorance. The first five are the 'lower' fetters; the second five are the 'upper' fetters. In the Stream Enterer the first three fetters have been destroyed; in the Once-Returner the next two are weakened， and in the Non-Returner they are destroyed; in the Arahant all fetters have been destroyed.