（icchantika）. A transliteration of the Sanskrit term icchantika. Also translated into Chinese as duanshangen 断善根 'one who has cut off the good roots' and xinbujuzu 信不具足 'lacking in the necessary faith.' A person whose roots of goodness are cut off and therefore cannot be saved. Someone who cannot attain enlightenment no matter how strenuously they practice. The term icchan originally refers to someone who is in a continual state of craving. In India the term refers to an Epicurean or a secularist. In Buddhism it refers to someone who lacks the basic causes and conditions for becoming a Buddha. The theory of the existence of such people was taught by the Yogacara school. Buddhist schools such as Tiantai 天台， Huayan 华严 etc.， disagreed with this theory， teaching that all beings can become buddhas. This becomes the source of debate in later East Asian Buddhism， and is discussed at length in the "Buddha-nature Treatise" （佛性论）.