The five-part syllogism， consisting of: （1） 宗pratijn~a^， the proposition; （2） 因hetu， the reason; （3） 喻uda^harana， the example; （4） 合upanaya， the application; and （5） 结nigamana， the conclusion. These were used in the Former School of Logic， prior to Digna^ga 阵那.