（1） Five practices in Maha^ya^na Buddhism as taught in the Awakening of Faith 起信论--the first five of the six perfections: giving 布施， morality 持戒， patience 忍辱， effort 精进， and meditation 止观.（2） The five practices of the bodhisattvas taught in the Maha^parinirva^n!a-su^tra 涅槃经: the three disciplines圣行; compassionate deeds on behalf of sentient beings梵行; spontaneous acts on behalf of others天行; manifest good suitable for secular people and lesser vehicle practitioners婴儿行; and appearing in a suitable manifestation for those in need of help病行. （3） The five phases of early Chinese cosmology: wood 木， fire 火， earth 土， metal 金， and water 水. First seen in the "Great Plan" 洪范 chapter of the Book of History 书经. （4） The five eternal constants 五常 of Confucian teaching: altruism 仁， justice 义， propriety 礼， wisdom 知， and trust 信. ［荀子?非十二子］，