Eight kinds of beings from Indian mythology. Formerly they were evil, but now having been converted by the Buddha, they protect his dharma. They are: (1) devas 天 (gods), (2) na^gas 龙 (snake kings), (3) yaks!as 夜叉 (spirits of the dead who fly about in the night) , (4) ghandharvas 乾闼婆 (half-ghost music masters), (5) asuras 阿修罗 (demigods of evil disposition), (6) garud!a 迦楼罗 (golden-winged birds which eat dragons), (7) kim!nara 紧那罗 (heavenly music masters who are neither human nor not human) and (8) mahoraga 摩睺罗迦 (snake spirits).