（1） Firmly， steadfastly， quietly， changelessly， motionlessly. （2） （pn） Gyo^nen （1240-1321） Japanese Kegon monk who was a prolific author who wrote important historical summaries of all the major Chinese Buddhist schools. His family name was Fujiwara and he was originally from Iyo 伊予 prefecture in Shikoku. At eighteen he left home to meet a master named Ensho^ 圆照， at Kaidan-in 戒檀院 （a section of To^daiji 东大寺） and received the precepts at age 20. He learned the precepts from the monks Sho^gen 证玄 and Jo^in 净因， received the esoteric teachings from Sho^shu 圣守. Although he was a Kegon 华严 monk， he also studied Consciousness-only 唯识， Sanlun 三论， Pure Land 净土， Zen， Confucianism， Taoism and the philosophers of the （Chinese） warring states period. In 1276 he lectured on the Huayan jing in the great Buddha hall of To^daiji 东大寺. After the death of Ensho^， he carried on for him， and based in Kaidan-in， unceasingly lectured on the Kegon sutras and explained the rules of the Vinaya 戒律. In 1313 Gyo^nen moved to To^sho^daiji （also in Nara）， staying there for five years before returning to Kaidan-in. Besides lecturing， he wrote extensively on Kegon， Tendai， Shingon， Sanron， Hosso^， Kusha， Jo^jitsu， Ritsu and Jo^do doctrine， as well as studies in history， Shinto^ and music. Altogether he wrote over 1200 volumes. He died at Kaidan-in at the age of 82. Some of his more famous works include An Outline of Eight Schools （八宗纲要）， A Record of the Transmission of the Buddha-dharma through Three Countries （三国佛法传通缘起）， and the Essay on the Origins of Pure Land （净土源流章）.