Four kinds of clinging， or grasping （Skt. catva^ry upa^da^na^ni; Pali catta^ri upa^da^na^ni）: （1） clinging to desire 欲取， （2） clinging to mistaken views 见取， （3） clinging to a mistaken understanding of the precepts and their purpose 戒禁取， and （4） clinging ideas that arise from a notion of self 我语取. ［成实论 T 1646.32.320b15］