Mizong; Esoteric Buddhism （vajraya^na， tantraya^na， mantraya^na）; in China， this broad range of Buddhist teachings is usually named with this term， whereas in Japan， it is usually called mikkyo^ 密教. Also known as the True Word Sect 真言宗， the Yoga Sect 瑜伽宗， Adamantine Peak Sect 金刚顶宗， the Sect of Vairocana 毗卢遮那宗， the Sect of Revealing the Origin 开元宗， and the Secret Vehicle 秘密乘. A later forming school of Buddhism， originating in India， and having extensive influence in Tibet， as well as considerable influence in China and Japan， but less in Korea. The hallmark of the school was a reliance on mystical formulas called mantra and dha^ran!i^ 陀罗尼. As the school developed， scriptures were written which focused on esoteric practices such as these. The term tantraya^na is applied due to the fact that the school was based on texts called tantras. Mantraya^na refers to the usage of chants and dha^ran!i^s， while vajraya^na refers to the dominant symbol of the school， the vajra， translated variously as "thunderbolt，" "diamond" and "cudgel." The school developed its system of philosophy borrowing from Ma^dhyamika 中观派and Yoga^ca^ra 瑜伽行派. Though admitting the emptiness of all phenomena， practitioners believe that the phenomenal world is not to be disregarded but to be looked upon as a vehicle for progress toward liberation. Developing in India during the seventh and eight centuries under the influence of ritualistic Hinduism， it was transmitted into China during the Tang dynasty by S/ubha^karasim!ha， Vajrabodhi 菩提金刚 and Amoghavajra 不空金刚. In Japan， the esoteric teachings were systemized into Shingon 真言宗 and Tendai 天台宗. For a study of this school in China， see Chou （1945）.