（1） Defilement （烦恼）， affliction， delusion， confusion， agitation. The root of delusion （sam!sa^ra-maha^rnava， kle/sa）. In terms of the twelve limbs of conditioned origination， the aspects of desire 爱 and grasping 取. （2） In some situations， the term is used directly corresponding to the emotional and moral hindrances， that is， the hindrances of affliction （烦恼障）， and therefore， it can be understood as being synonymous with "affliction" 烦恼. It is also quite commonly used， however， as a more general term， to refer to any kind conceptual or emotional obstruction to enlightenment or nirvana， thus including the noetic hindrances 所知障 as well. Therefore the general meanings of mistake， error， shortcoming， disturbance （dos!a）， delusion 迷， etc. See ［二障义 HPC 1.802b］ （3） That which is to be corrected through practice; afflictions （vipaks!a）.