（1） That upon which mind and mental functions are contingent， which usually means objects of perception or conception （Skt. a^lambana; Tib. dmigs pa）. This term refers especially to the fact that consciousness cannot arise by itself without objects， or an objective realm. The complement of 能缘. It is closely related in meaning to the term 攀缘 as that to which the mind attaches to and clambers upon as it finds it way in the world. The terms refers to the fact that， like a crippled person without a crutch， without their contingent objects， the mind and mental functions are powerless. "缘谓攀缘， 心心所法名能缘， 境是所缘. 有彼所缘故名有所缘， 心心所法其性羸劣， 执境方起犹如羸人非杖不行." ［俱舍光记 T 1821.41］ （2） Something with which there is an established relationship.