（1） To produce， to bring forth， to beget. To be born. （2） Life， living. （Buddhism） （ja^ti）; 'arising'， 'production.' Coming into existence. In Yoga^ca^ra and Abhidharmako/sa theory， the arising of conditioned elements （dharmas）. Also birth， or the life of sentient beings. One of the four aspects 四相 of existence （arising， abiding， changing， and extinction）. Also one of the twelve limbs of conditioned origination 十二因缘. （3） One of the four basic forms of suffering 四苦.