The pre-Buddhist Chinese meaning of this term was a royal ceremony for the consecration of the land. In Buddhism: （1） meditation， concentration， meditative concentration （dhya^na）. （2） A reference to the Four Meditation Heavens within the world of form. （3） Seated meditation; zazen （坐禅）. （4） A reference to the Chan （Son， Zen） sect. （5） The teachings of the Chan school of Buddhism.